{"id":1611,"date":"2011-02-15T16:48:38","date_gmt":"2011-02-15T21:48:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.massfolkarts.org\/blog\/?p=1611"},"modified":"2011-02-25T09:29:41","modified_gmt":"2011-02-25T14:29:41","slug":"calling-track-and-military-cadence-calls-how-an-african-american-tradition-influenced-military-basic-training","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.massfolkarts.org\/index.php\/2011\/02\/calling-track-and-military-cadence-calls-how-an-african-american-tradition-influenced-military-basic-training\/","title":{"rendered":"Calling Track and Military Cadence Calls: How an African American Tradition Influenced Military Basic Training"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ever since the industrialization and mechanization of labor, there has been less need for the singing of work chants. But back in the day,\u00a0a special kind of singing\u00a0helped work get done, whether it was sea chanties used to raise\u00a0sails,\u00a0Scottish waulking songs <\/a>used to work\u00a0wool, or agricultural work chants to hoe cotton\u00a0or cut timber. In the deep south, such work chants were common among African Americans who\u00a0labored\u00a0under extremely harsh\u00a0conditions. A good song was like a labor saving device.\u00a0Singing work chants helped coordinate movements and build on collective strength.\u00a0They also ensured safety for railroad gangs\u00a0working in small crews\u00a0with heavyand sharp\u00a0tools. And, perhaps more importantly, these chants uplifted the men’s spirits.<\/p>\n

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One man, known as\u00a0the caller, would stand aside from the crew and sing verbal instructions. His commands were answered by the men’s lining bars wrapping in rhythm against the railroad track– in a\u00a0call and response manner. I came to know this tradition (or what remained of it in the minds of retired railroad workers) first hand while doing field research for the Alabama State Council on the Arts <\/a>in the late 1980s.\u00a0We interviewed half a\u00a0dozen former track laborers and\u00a0eventually\u00a0produced the film Gandy Dancers<\/a>, which tells the story of African American\u00a0railroad workers who made their living building and maintaining the railroad lines that crisscross the American South.<\/p>\n

I\u00a0recently uncovered a connection between\u00a0the southern African American tradition of call-and-response works songs\u00a0and\u00a0 military cadence calls <\/a>used in drill training, popularly known as “Jody calls.”\u00a0Anyone who has gone through basic training is familiar with these military cadence calls.\u00a0A drill\u00a0instructor, whose job it is\u00a0to\u00a0keep recruits in step while training,\u00a0calls out marching orders.\u00a0Cadence calls\u00a0motivate, while ensuring unit cohesion and promoting military discipline. Safety is a factor as well, especially while marching or running\u00a0in close formation. Similar to the railroad workers’ calls, military cadence calls are also a way to take one’s mind off strenuous\u00a0tasks, vent dissatisfaction,\u00a0mock one’s superiors, or build morale\u00a0by boasting,\u00a0poking \u00a0fun, or talking dirty. As\u00a0verbal art forms, both\u00a0have\u00a0a rich\u00a0tradition.<\/p>\n

Popular legend holds that that Private Willie Lee Duckworth Sr. (1924-2004) made up\u00a0“Sound Off”, a.k.a., the “Duckworth Chant,” which is used to this day in the U.S.Army and other branches of the military.\u00a0 The year was\u00a01944 and Duckworth was stationed at Fort Slocum, New York as\u00a0one of eight “Colored Infantrymen.”<\/p>\n

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Duckworth, who was born in 1924 in\u00a0Washington County,\u00a0Georgia, would have been familiar with the use of\u00a0work chants sung for all kinds of\u00a0agricultural work. He was also the same generation of the gandy dancers who used chants to line track. At the time he was drafted to serve in\u00a0WW II, Duckworth was working in a sawmill.\u00a0He was\u00a0sent to a provisional training center in Fort Slocum, N.Y., in March 1944. As the story goes, Duckwork, on orders from a non-commissioned officer,\u00a0improvised his own drill for the soldiers in his unit. Soon after, all the ranks were buzzing and keeping rhythm. Col. Bernard Lentz, who was the base commander at the Fort, approached Duckworth and asked where he developed his unique chant. “I told him it came from calling hogs back home,” Duckworth said. “I was scared, and that was the only thing I could think of to say.”<\/p>\n

Colonel Bernard Lentz was so convinced of the\u00a0cadence calls’ effectiveness that he made them\u00a0standard at Fort Slocum and went on to write a drill\u00a0instruction manual.\u00a0\u00a0The “Duckworth Chant” was popularized in 1945 when the US government\u00a0included it with other popular music of the day on a\u00a0 V-disc <\/a>(12 inch vinyl 78 recording) for distribution to US military personnel overseas. The chant later gained fame as “Sound Off” and remains one of the most popular\u00a0marching cadences in Army history.<\/p>\n

Join us at a free public program on February 27 at Lowell National Historical Park <\/a>Visitor Center. In addition to screening the\u00a0documentary Gandy Dancers<\/em>, we will play\u00a0the original recording of the “Duckworth Chant,”\u00a0screen\u00a0contemporary examples of\u00a0cadence calls, and present a live demonstration by a military drill sergeant.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ever since the industrialization and mechanization of labor, there has been less need for the singing of work chants. But back in the day,\u00a0a special kind of singing\u00a0helped work get done, whether it was sea chanties used to raise\u00a0sails,\u00a0Scottish waulking songs used to work\u00a0wool, or agricultural work chants to hoe cotton\u00a0or cut timber. In the … Continue reading “Calling Track and Military Cadence Calls: How an African American Tradition Influenced Military Basic Training”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[277,49],"tags":[380,383,394,371,390,391,386,381,392,375,393,387,379,372,388,384,374,376,373,385,382,389,378,377],"class_list":["post-1611","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-public-program","category-verbal-arts","tag-african-american-folklore","tag-army","tag-army-cadences","tag-black-history","tag-black-history-month","tag-cadence","tag-calls","tag-community","tag-documentary-film","tag-duckworth-chant","tag-enlisted","tag-forces","tag-fort-slocum","tag-gandy-dancers","tag-marches","tag-military","tag-military-cadence-calls","tag-modern-cadence-calls","tag-railroad-labor","tag-running","tag-training","tag-what-is-black-history-month","tag-work-chants","tag-work-songs"],"yoast_head":"\nCalling Track and Military Cadence Calls: How an African American Tradition Influenced Military Basic Training - Keepers of Tradition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.massfolkarts.org\/index.php\/2011\/02\/calling-track-and-military-cadence-calls-how-an-african-american-tradition-influenced-military-basic-training\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Calling Track and Military Cadence Calls: How an African American Tradition Influenced Military Basic Training - Keepers of Tradition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ever since the industrialization and mechanization of labor, there has been less need for the singing of work chants. But back in the day,\u00a0a special kind of singing\u00a0helped work get done, whether it was sea chanties used to raise\u00a0sails,\u00a0Scottish waulking songs used to work\u00a0wool, or agricultural work chants to hoe cotton\u00a0or cut timber. 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